Describe the Expected Pattern of Children and Young...

CACHE Level 2 Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools (QCF) Theme 3 Stages of Child Development Child Development For this unit you will need to be able to describe the expected pattern of development of children and young people from birth to 19 years. In groups you must complete the attached table to address 2.1: 1.1 and 1.2 2.1: 1.1 Describe the expected pattern of children and young people’s development from birth to 19. Stage/Area of development | Physical development | Communication and intellectual development | Social, emotional and behavioural development | 0-3 years | Babies are born with little control over their bodies but by 12 months they will have developed some†¦show more content†¦It is possible for both sexes to have a growth spurt at this time. | Young people will usually now have a clear idea about their favourite subjects and will usually be more motivated in these areas. They will be reflecting on their experiences and choosing their pathways. They may lack confidence in less popular subjects, to the extent they may be truant. It is particularly important for young people to feel good about themselves and want to belong. | At this age, children’s self esteem can be very vulnerable. They will be entering adulthood however they still need a lot of guidance in many different ways.. They will want to be more independent and start to spend more time with their friends without adults, but continue to display childish behaviour. They will find that they are under the pressures of growing up and increasing expectations, and may be unsure on how to behave. | 16-19 years | This is the stage where young people become young adults, and are often at the peak of their physical performance. Almost all girls will have reached physical maturity, boys will continue to mature into their mid-20 s. | By the time they have left school they will be thinking about their pathway for their career, whether it involves college or university. | Young people enter adulthood but still require advise and guidance from adults. They will lack experience and individuals will vary in emotional maturity and the wayShow MoreRelatedSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pagesreserved. The copyright holders authorise ONLY users of NTDL AS Sociology to make photocopies for their own or their students’ immediate use within the teaching context. No other rights are granted without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims forRead MoreJuvenile Deliquency in Ibadan, Nigeria15127 Words   |  61 Pagessocio-economic problems often associated with development. These includes; poverty, rapid population growth, unemployment, urbanization, industrialization, inadequate shelter and housing, youth unemployment, and under employment, breakdown of the family unit, inadequate provision of social services and inability of the educational system to respond to new challenges. From the word â€Å"juvenile delinquency†, â€Å"juvenile† means young people while delinquency means young offenders that are guilty of minor crimeRead MoreComprehensive 1 Essay18452 Words   |  74 PagesLyme disease known as erythema migrans, a skin lesion that slowly expands to form a large round lesion with a bright red border and clear center (B) at the site of the tick bite. A tick should be removed with tweezers by pulling straight from its insertion away from the skin, and not compressing its body or covering it with oil (A). Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by the bite of an infected deer tick, and antiviral agents (D) are ineffective. Symptoms

The Theory Of Human Development Theory - 1642 Words

Human development theories are theories intended to account for how and why people become, as they are. These theories provide the framework to clarify and organize existing observations and to try to explain and predict human behavior. It is important to recognize the complexity of human development and the theories that explain human development. (Berger, pg. 23). The three theories that have influenced by development are Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory, Abraham Maslow’s Humanism and Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory. 1. The first Human development theory is that of Jean Piaget’s, who believed that all human development and behavior was the product of consistent and reliable patterns of interactions with the environment called schemas. Piaget divided his Theory of Cognitive development into four stages. Each stage is characterized by overall structures and sequences of development, which consist of â€Å"schemas.† Schemas are the primary component of intelligent behavior, which adapt through a continuous process of assimilation and accommodation, in an endeavor to attain equilibrium which is essentially balance. Assimilation is the process of adapting new experiences to fit into existing schemas. Accommodation is the process of changing existing schemas to fit new experiences. The first stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is the sensorimotor stage, which is from birth to 2 years old. According to Piaget Infants use his/her senses and motorShow MoreRelatedTheories And Theories Of Human Development1337 Words   |  6 Pages10/11/17 Principles of Human Development Paper #1 The concepts and theories of human development are important for a school counselor to have knowledge on. Knowledge on these topics can aid the counselor in better understanding the circumstances of their students. There are three main developmental sections which will be discussed in this paper. Those three include physical development, cognitive development, and social development. Each section contains multiple theories and concepts that wouldRead MoreThe Theories Of Human Development774 Words   |  4 PagesTheories of Human development are relevant and matter in the â€Å"real world†. In my clinical practice as a psychologist-in-training, I have found human development theories to be very useful in conceptualizing and understanding my client’s distress. I used theoretical frameworks that are based on theories of human development to guide my interventions in therapy. For example, as a brief psychodynamic clinician, I look to Freud’s theory of anxiety to und erstand how distress was developed for my clientsRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development1060 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of human development deliver a framework to deliberate human growth, development, and learning. Understanding the theories can deliver useful contents into individuals and society a set of principles and concepts that describe life span development. Development perspectives are the psychoanalytic theory, behavior theory, humanistic approach and cognitive theory. Each theory focuses on different aspects of human development. The psychoanalytic is â€Å"the approach stating that behavior is motivatedRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development1196 Words   |  5 PagesAssociation 2009 define biopsychosocial as â€Å"the systematic integration of the biological, psychological and social approaches of the study of mental health and specific mental disorders (p.48).† The human lifespan is primary base of the human grow process that start with the reproduction , the process of the human body, the brain and internal organs that are developing during the pregnancy, birth, early, middle, and late childhood, adolescence, early, middle, and late adulthood until the end of life. AdditionallyRead MoreTheories Of Human Development1401 Words   |  6 PagesHuman development is an active process resulting from interactions between an individual and their environment. The processes involved in an individual’s development and overall life outcomes are complex, everchanging, and unique. Given the complexity of human development, the central tenets of my professional conceptual foundation of development include biological factors inherent in the individual, psychological influences, and social interactions. Thus, my professional perspective can best beRead MoreThe Theory Of The Human Development993 Words   |  4 PagesPart 1: Of the four major psychological theories (ecological, behavioral, humanistic, psychoanalytic), which one(s) is/are most closely aligned with your personal belief system? All four major Psychological theories are very significant, but based on my reading about all of them, I can convey that the ecological theory is the most closely aligned with my personal belief system. Part 2: Why? I chose this theory because it states that a person’s development is influenced by everything in the surroundingRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development2064 Words   |  9 PagesThe life span theories is about four different theories; the psychoanalytic, behaviourism, cognitive and humanistic. Erikson has some similarities with Freud however it is extremely different in other ways. Rather than Erikson focusing on sexual interest as a driving force in development, he believed that social interaction and experience played a decisive role. Erikson has an eight stage theory of human development which describes the process from birth to death and the crisis of each stage bringsRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development2240 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The concept of human development has been explored and researched by many psychologists and scholars for centuries through the entire human history. The research done by this group of people has found out a lot about human deve lopment. This is a topic that concerns every member of the society and that’s why researchers are interested in it. Development is a topic that can be viewed from different angles. For instance, there are economists who understand human development based on a person’sRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesHuman ‘development’ does not exist in stasis – it is constantly in flux. The outcomes of human development are intrinsically linked to overarching power structures, and include psychological dimensions including social recognition. Thus, ‘development’ is dynamic and highly contextualised – it is governed by socio-economic class, domestic politics, geographical location, and the wider institutional context. Working within a particular framework requires acknowledging that concepts of human developmentRead MoreHuman Development Theories Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Development Theories In addition to Freud’s psychodynamic theory there are four other human development philosophies; biological, cognitive, behavioral and systems model. Even though these theories differ they all contain the same basic assumptions. People will continue to grow. People exhibit both stability and flux as they pass through life. People are holistic, of mind body and spirit. Lastly, individual people must be understood in the context of relationships and setting (Cash White,

Good service Free Essays

Good Ambiance -Privacy -Good service -Quality and affordable food B. ) Mall Competitors High Income market – The mall competitors would have to be the five star hotel that are well known and are located near the area. Husband and wife market- The mall competitors would have to be any hotel ranking from 3-5 stars that provides salary services. We will write a custom essay sample on Good service or any similar topic only for you Order Now Party Market- The mall competitors would be Bars and Resorts that people o to have a party. C. )Yes I agree. I think this is a good strategy to have some sort of diversification in their market. If they do things well, I am certain they can attract more customers to use their services because simply in a way they. Main Competitors High income market – The main competitors would have to be the five star hotel that are well known and are located near the area. Husband and wife market- The main competitors would have to be any hotel ranking from 3-5 stars that provides similar services. Party Market- The main competitors would be Bars and Resorts that people C. )Yes I agree. I think this is a good strategy to have some sort of diversification In use their services because simply. How to cite Good service, Papers

Movie Summary A Civil Action Essay Example For Students

Movie Summary A Civil Action Essay The movie A Civil Action, was a very interesting movie to me. It really helped show me some of the flaws in our legal system and the true nature of it. If theres anything I picked up from it, it is the fact that achieving justice is not the goal for most court cases. Like what Facher said in the movie, Truth lies at the bottom of a bottomless pit I thought we were talking about a court of law. Court isnt that place to find the truth. Youll be lucky if you find anything around here resembling the truth. This case stopped being about dead children as soon as it entered the justice system. Facher is not a bad guy, I think he is a pragmatist. He understands how the law works and he is masterful at manipulating it in order to further his clients interests. The way he prevented the families from testifying in court, in my opinion is not him beating the system but rather just the way the system works. Lawyers have to look at all angles and possibilities to earn their paycheck from their client. He did so perfectly and is a brilliant lawyer though some people might call into question his ethics but that is a very grey area. Travoltas character at first seemed the same as Fachner, but I think he acted ethically in helping the families fight for justice but to his dismay he learned the hard way that our system has the nice guys finishing last. He could have reached a settlement in the case but he tried to abide by the wishes of his clients in that they were not interested in money but rather an apology from someone claiming responsibility. In that sense I think that his clients did not have a grasp on the way our legal system operates, and should have understood that the companies that polluted the river were interested in self preservation and do not give much mind to those people that they harmed. A side effect of this was the enormous cost of the trial was, especially to the law firm. The perception that people file lawsuits just to make easy money might not always hold true. Sometimes they might actually may just be seeking justice but as it is shown it can bankrupt you. This misconception might be enhanced because people who might file and win these lawsuits might already be wealthy. As Travoltas firm runs out of money they continue to give off the impression of wealth because that is what they need to do. They need to give that impression off so that the defendants know that they dont have the plaintiffs shook, and if they think they do they will delay the trial longer and longer, to try and make it a war of attrition, one that they would ultimately win. It is a way of litigating that is very effective especially if you have resources. In this sense the civil trial system fails the idea of justice severely. How are people wronged by these multimillion dollar companies supposed to go toe to toe with them? Its unfair and shows that its just a big chess game played by people who have the ability and resources to make a move. That is why public interest lawyers are usually paid the least because its hard to find someone who would give up a job for a private firm with a nice salary for a low income public job. I dont see how there can be a solution to this problem because it doesnt seem right for the government to pay its lawyers so much more just so they dont work for the competition when they could use that money towards other things that require the governments attention. Also even though the plaintiffs received monetary settlement they were disappointed same with the lawyers. The press reported it as a success though because they dont see the context of the case. .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4 , .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4 .postImageUrl , .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4 , .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4:hover , .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4:visited , .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4:active { border:0!important; } .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4:active , .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4 .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u860776ec3de2e49a6a150a5ec7c5deb4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stereotypes of Women in Disney Animated Films EssayLooking at it just by the numbers it seems that the company took a hit and justice has been achieved. But in reality the company paid to them what is considered a small fine just so they can make a nuisance go away. The plaintiffs were disappointed because they felt that someone should be held accountable for their negligence that killed their kids. Even though the company apologizes using their checkbook, it was not enough. But once the EPA intervened and commanded that the company clean up their mess the plaintiffs finally gained a sense of peace. They were not in it for the money, they wanted the mess that killed their children to be cleaned up and it was. Also the companies were ordered to clean up the mess which cost them millions which serves as a just retribution I believe. The plaintiffs did not get what they wanted from the civil justice system but it did help the administrative agencies make a case against the companies to ultimately achieve their goals. In that sense I think that maybe even though some parts of our legal system may be flawed, maybe in time we have measures set up to address the issues that slipped away the hands of justice in the courts. I think this because It was a huge shock when I saw the EPA come in and Save the day. It kind of restores my faith in our system when I realize that we have administrative agencies in place that can regulate and enforce rules for companies to follow so that they do not abuse their power and infringe on peoples liberties.

Assessment Informed Instruction

As I observed Akeni Taguchi teach a science lesson in the presence of her third grade students, the level of engagement in her class was impressive and satisfactory to me. I was also contended with the complex practical experiments the students were exposed to. The main focus of the lesson was how to produce energy using the water wheel. In order to acquire the required hands- on knowledge, the students were required to form small groups of about three.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment Informed Instruction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After forming the groups, they were supposed to come up with an individualized version of a water wheel, by making use of the available materials. As they concentrated on the assignment, Ms. Taguchi’s presence was noticeable throughout the period. She moved from one group to the other as she encouraged the students, gave them suggestions and provided any assista nce they required. The following paragraphs are meant to address her directly commenting on the lesson. As a tool used in scaffolding, you succeeded in the way you reactivated what the students had learnt by allowing them to discuss in groups the field trip your class conducted to Graue Mill, paintings on students, the right vocabulary and the miniature well demonstration you had constructed. This definitely gave the students a chance to review the mechanical functioning of water wells together with the natural resources such as dams, rivers e.t.c that are involved. Without doing this, it would have been difficult for them to make connections between what they had learnt earlier and what they were reading. I could also clearly tell that the activity played a major role in reminding you the specific instances that characterized your field trip. This was helpful in that you were able to sustain the discussion and gave you a chance to incorporate every single student. I was particularl y interested in your approach that gave the students a chance to become ‘scientists.’ This was possible through the small groups where they used the materials provided with your facilitation. You allowed them to carry on with the procedures without interference. This gave them an opportunity to discover different concepts for themselves. After they were through with the projects, you gave them an opportunity to come up with their conclusive remarks after each individual test session. However, I would like to offer some suggestions that may be helpful in your class for the sake of advancing the knowledge of the students. If you decide to continue with this particular lesson next year or in the future, you might consider having individual groups conduct their own analysis and record the data they gather. Afterwards, they could make comparisons of the findings they get and fill out a sheet that captures data for all groups or an observation chart showing what they see. As I progressed with my observations, I noted that you did not make use of technology. In my class, I have discovered that my learners are both hands-on and visual learners. As a result, it is important to incorporate technology in the sessions. One of the useful resources that may be of help to you is YouTube, which an internet resource (Teaching with Technology, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On YouTube, I found out that there are numerous and useful water wheel demonstrations like 4th Grade Science Fair Project Water Wheel and Perpetual Motion Water Wheel. In addition, there are many ways through which additional knowledge and skills can be obtained. For example, there are development programs such as Science Safari. This program assists teachers to gain important skills used in the design of an engaging lesson (although your lesson was nevertheless fully engaging and appropri ate but it can be improved). There is also another program known as let Science Begin which is concerned with offering new research on how science should be taught. I would also like to suggest that the Curriculum Instruction Specialist (CIS) of the campus should be used well. This is important in that it provides in-house professional science development during staff meetings that are beneficial to all grade levels (Sigafoos, 2007). In order to ensure that technology is fully utilized, my suggestion is that one student should be allowed to take photographs of the systematic experiments during their group work. These pictures could be used later to generate PowerPoint presentations for purposes of class presentations. Some of the methods that can be used to take the pictures include the use of cameras, laptops and I-pods. The classes could then be required to select the best presentation through a voting system in order to make a presentation during the school-wide Science Fair. The students can also be allowed to conduct research on historic water wheels and modern energy systems generated by water. I would like to restate my satisfaction with your science lesson and the impressive engagement level and desire to learn of you students. It was evident that you had taken enough time to prepare for the lesson and that you were committed to equip learners with learning strategies beneficial to the diverse learners in your class. My experience as a teacher has taught me that it is beneficial to compliment one’s peers by copying their ideas. I will undoubtedly copy your ideas. References Sigafoos, J. (2007). Technology and Teaching. New York: Nova Publishers. Teaching with Technology. (2012). Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment Informed Instruction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Assessment Informed Instruction was written and submitted by user Parker Holder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Martin Luther King Jr.

The Black Civil Rights movement in the 1950's and 60's was a political, legal and social struggle of the black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The black struggle for Civil Rights was very hard. No group in America has or has had more difficulty assimilating into the American Culture. Segregation was started by white American southerners to separate everything between the blacks and the whites. It was also knows as the "Jim Crow" system and became common to the southern. Everything possible was separated between the blacks and the whites; schools, toilet, transportation, restaurants were all separated, the blacks were poorly funded compared to the whites (Branch 72). The black people tried to fight discrimination against them whenever possible. The most significant one during the early 50's was the Montgomery Bus Boycott in Alabama led by Martin Luther King. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was told to give up her seat on a city bus to a white person (Hampton 13). When she refuses, she was arrested which caused protest by the black community. Martin Luther King at that time was president of the Montgomery Improvement Association, which organized the protest. These activities included marches, demonstrations, and boycotts. The violent white response to black direct action eventually forced the federal government to confront the issues of injustice and racism in the South. It made him a national figure for fighting the rights of the Black Americans. Civil rights proved to be the crucial test of the l960s. Leadership came from black political and religious organizations such as the Congress on Racial Equality, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and Martin Luther King's Southern Christian Leadership Council Sit-ins, Freedom Rides, and other forms of nonviolent protest became the weapons to fight segregation. Over 200,000 men and women joined a freedom march all over America... Free Essays on Martin Luther King Jr. Free Essays on Martin Luther King Jr. The Black Civil Rights movement in the 1950's and 60's was a political, legal and social struggle of the black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The black struggle for Civil Rights was very hard. No group in America has or has had more difficulty assimilating into the American Culture. Segregation was started by white American southerners to separate everything between the blacks and the whites. It was also knows as the "Jim Crow" system and became common to the southern. Everything possible was separated between the blacks and the whites; schools, toilet, transportation, restaurants were all separated, the blacks were poorly funded compared to the whites (Branch 72). The black people tried to fight discrimination against them whenever possible. The most significant one during the early 50's was the Montgomery Bus Boycott in Alabama led by Martin Luther King. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was told to give up her seat on a city bus to a white person (Hampton 13). When she refuses, she was arrested which caused protest by the black community. Martin Luther King at that time was president of the Montgomery Improvement Association, which organized the protest. These activities included marches, demonstrations, and boycotts. The violent white response to black direct action eventually forced the federal government to confront the issues of injustice and racism in the South. It made him a national figure for fighting the rights of the Black Americans. Civil rights proved to be the crucial test of the l960s. Leadership came from black political and religious organizations such as the Congress on Racial Equality, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and Martin Luther King's Southern Christian Leadership Council Sit-ins, Freedom Rides, and other forms of nonviolent protest became the weapons to fight segregation. Over 200,000 men and women joined a freedom march all over America...

Painted History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Painted History - Essay Example With regard to the historical context of the painting, the Death of Socrates painting was completed just a few years before the French revolution. It is arguable that the iconic piece of art may have been particularly inspired by the socio-political climate that existed in France at the time of its commission. For example, this was the period when the calls for reforms were increasingly heating up and, therefore, David may have chosen the neoclassical subject as a means advancing the call for self sacrifice and commitment to ideals in the face of oppression and death just like Socrates did (Vidal 596). The painting also portrays the message of martyrdom as Socrates was considered to be a martyr for his ideals and beliefs. However, for the contemporaries of the time, the painting could have been a reflection of the number of political prisoners who were faced with execution of exile. The corrupt French monarchy of the time had also just crushed the earlier attempts to reforms before eventually dissolving the Assembly of Notables in 1787. Additionally, during the painting of â€Å"The death of Socrates†, the artist Jacques-Louis David may also have wanted to reflect the Enlightenment values of the late 18th century that particularly emphasized on the importance of human freedom from religion and corrupt regimes as well as the value of standing up for ideals, rights and principles. Most of these concepts were clearly illustrated in the story of the death of Socrates. David was a strong supporter of reforms and revolutionary principles. Consequently, on the eve of the French revolution, the painting served a call for resistance and duty in the face of unjust authority. This is a picture of people viewing another picture. The painting particularly shows people viewing an enormous picture of Napoleon during the crowning of Empress Josephine. The picture â€Å"David’s Coronation at the Louvre† was exhibited on several occasions at the

Assessment, Diagnosis, and Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assessment, Diagnosis, and Research - Assignment Example Clinically, identification and evaluation of available resources are instigated in the assessment process (Vacc & Loesch, 2000). In typical function, assessment is foremost action towards therapeutic interventions. It is primarily employed in the aim of â€Å"screening for...psychopathology, treatment planning, and monitoring of (psychological) progress† (Krishnamurthy et al., 2004, p. 727). In the instance of inadequate assessment, the whole counselling activity is rendered unreliable. Illustrated in the case of geriatric clients in depressive states, some counsellors may mistake related symptoms as normal in the aging process (Benek-Higgins, McReynolds, Hogan, & Savickas, 2008). If properly assessed, conceptualizing the case can be more accurate, resulting in effective therapies and improved health status. Otherwise, clients may further suffer, as experts pass such conditions as natural. Upon complete clinical inquiry and screening, the next step is diagnosis. Black and Andr easen (n.d., pp. 4-5) provided a list of purposes that diagnosis performs, such as create an organized body of thought regarding complicated clinical events, â€Å"help predict outcome...choose an appropriate treatment...search for pathophysiology and etiology.† Diagnostic procedures make it possible for coordinating assessment data with existing diagnostic systems.

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Management accounting - Essay Example The decisions also help in reducing cost that a company incurs in day to day activities. The second one is by assisting the management in controlling and directing the operations of the company. A company that has well organised activities achieves efficient use of resources, (Chandler, 1977). The third one is that the information motivates employees and managers to achieve the targets set. The targets are set in a participatory manner and, therefore, every worker has their views taken into consideration. The fourth one is by measuring the performance of every aspect in the business, for example, employees, managers and departments. The last one is that the competitive position of the company is gauged. This ensures measures can be taken to increase the company’s long-run competitiveness over others in that particular industry. The business thus controls a large portion of the customer share which ensures high profits. Management via accounting is so crucial today because mana gerial accountants are important members of any management team. Managerial accountants play an important role of providing strategic decisions as well as day to day decisions. The decision making process is complex and requires specialists from management accounting as well as other financial disciplines. The day to day operations would be very expensive and tiring if management accountants do not plan them in advance. This is what makes management via accounting very important in modern business enterprise. These enterprises use the accounting and statistical information to ensure the smooth running of business activities. Business activities that are well managed lower the internal cost of running a business. It also ensures intensive use of resources in the business thus avoiding wastage. The business is also sure that customers pay for their goods and services in time and that suppliers deliver stock and are paid when due, (Capa Centre For Aviation, 2013). Management by using a ccounting is a field concerned with the efficient use of data from accounts. The managers of a company or business organisations use this information to help them make decisions that assist them to better manage and control resources, with the end goal of increasing the profitability of a company, (Kieso, 2005). The use of accounting data to manage a business is often confused to be financial accounting. This is not true because of several aspects that are related to management accounting information. The first aspect is that management accounting information is forward looking. This means that managers use data to plan for the future and determine how they can control situations that seem will be bad for the company. Managers can also use this data to improve situations that appear will be favourable to the company. For example, if managers predict a certain good sales will increase by 50%, they can employ more sales staff to increase the sales to 60%. This is an example how manage ment via accounting can serve as a good tool to increase the profitability of a company and ensure that it becomes a multi-national business. Other managers use historic information to make decisions that will affect the company. This approach might be accurate but not as effective as that from management via accounting, (Dameri, 2013). The second aspect that mangers use from management accounting is the assurance with which a plan made using management accoun

Adolescent is an important stage of life for establishing health

Adolescent is an important stage of life for establishing health INTRODUCTION Adolescent are not monsters, they are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are probably not so sure themselves. India is the second most popular country with total population of 1081million comprising nearly 30% of the total population, among which adolescents (10-18years) form a population of 22.5% (WHO, 2001 census). Adolescent is an important stage of life for establishing health behaviour, attitudes and life style. It is a period characterised by rapid physical growth, sexual, psychological, sexual and physiological growth. Health behaviour is one indicator of health of younger people that may serve both as a measure of health over time as well a target for health policy and pregnancy and prone to risk behaviour like aggression, victimization, depression, suicidal ideation, substance abuse and sexual behaviour (Grabber,2004). Researchers have revealed that a woman sexual development starts as early as 13 years, but her physique is not well developed to bear strains during pregnancy there is relatively high risk for the teenage mothers between 15-18years of age (Discovery academy, 2010) Adolescents are considered to be healthy since mortality in this age group is relatively low. Infact, the adolescent girls can do have a range of health problems like anaemia, increasing premarital sex, prostitution, reproductive tract infections, school drop out, poor nutrition, early child bearing and reproductive complications.etc (WHO, 2006). Today all over the world, teenage pregnancy is, emerging as a serious problem, approximately 15 million pregnancies occur every year among young women aged 15-19 years. They are more common in the developing country like India. Though 50% of girls get married by 18 years, 19% of total fertility rate (15-19 years) is adolescent pregnancy, 27% of them have unmet need of contraception, and 4.7% of them were using modern method of contraception (WHO,2006). Teenage pregnancy is defined as getting pregnant below 18 years. Young adolescents (12-14 years old) are more likely to have unplanned sexual intercourse and are more likely to be concerned in to sex. Most teenagers do not plan to get pregnant, but many do. Often teenagers do not receive timely prenatal care and they have a higher risk of pregnancy like high blood pressure and its complication, premature birth and low birth weight (Health Orates, 2008). Early marriage and early pregnancy are accepted cultural norms of our society. The outcome of teenage pregnancy is affected due to illiteracy, poor socio economic condition, inadequate prenatal care. Most of the adolescent girls dont have adequate knowledge about puberty, teenage pregnancy and other reproductive health. Negative perception which they gather from other sources often contributes to STDs and HIV infections (Chahande, 2002). High rate of mortality and morbidity has always been associated with pregnancy and child birth in pubertal and adolescent girls, and also a dramatic rise in the number of pregnancy, abortions, and sexually transmitted diseases. Thus it is increasingly recognized that good reproductive health really begins in adolescents. Reproductive health is influenced by many factors such as education, nutrition, sexual roles, sexual status, cultural practices and socio economic development (K.Park, 2009). A cross sectional observational study was conducted on prevalence of child marriage before 18 years of age among the young adult women in India. Data from National Family Health Survey-3 were limited to the sample of Indian women aged 20 years. The results showed that 44.5% of women aged 20 years were married before 18 years, 22.6% of women were married before the age of 16 years and 2.6% women of were married before the age of 13 years (Raja, Saggurti N, 2008) A cross sectional study on Reproductive pattern, perinatal mortality, and sex preference was conducted in rural Tamil nadu in India. In this study 30 village areas were randomly selected and served by health sub centres. The participants were 1321 adolescent women. The Result showed that 41% of the subjects (535) were primiparous, 7 subjects (0.5%) were grand multiparous. The, the neonatal mortality rate was 35.3/1000, the perinatal mortality rate was 42.0/1000 and the stillbirth rate was 13.5/1000 births (Birgitte Bruun Nielsen, 2000). NEED FOR THE STUDY Globally teenage pregnancy accounts for 16 million in the age group of 15-19years, in which 10% is teenage pregnancy, one -third is abortion, 14% of them miscarry and 52% will bear children. In developing countries accounts for 95% of teenage pregnancies, the highest teen birth rates has been recorded in Mississippi, with of 68.4%, Mexico with 64%, Texas with 63%, the lowest rates are recorded in countries with in northeast 18.7%, Vermont with 20,8% (WHO,2009). In India 42.9% girls are in age group of 15-17 years and 14% girls in age group of 17-19 years and 3/10 girls get pregnant before 20 years, 1/6 girls are born to teen mothers and 47% of Indian women aged 20-24 married before legal age of 18, and 56% are in rural areas. The total fertility rate was 6.2-6.7 (WHO, 2000). The recent studies revealed that teenagers become sexually active in early puberty and they face challenges of onset of menstruation compared to urban areas. 40% of teen girls aged 15-19 years had sex at least once and prefer the rhythm method of birth control. The incidence of teenage pregnancy was 63% and prevalence rate was 28 and 32 per 1000 in rural and urban areas of Tamilnadu. In Coimbatore, 15.2% of adolescent girls and 0.7% of adolescent boys are getting married early (WHO, 2005). A report by save the children found that, annually thirteen million children are born to women under age of 20 years in world wide. More than 90 of these births occur to women living in developing countries. The higher rate of teenage pregnancy in the world with 143/ 1000 girls in age group of 15-19 years is in sub-Saharans Africa and the Fertility rate in south Asia range from 71to 119 birth/1000 women aged between 15-19 years (Health and demographic survey, 2010). A descriptive and comparative study on knowledge, attitude and behaviour related to sex among teenage girls between nursing and non nursing college students was conducted in Taiwan. A total of 792 students were recruited from one nursing school compared to non nursing students. The nursing students had more knowledge on sex related issues. They also found that the close an intimate relationship was, the more liberal sexual activities tended to be. The participant was prone to accept premarital sex, and cared less about the virginity of future spouses, 60% students perceived that having a child before marriage was unacceptable, about 23% of participants had intercourse experience, while only 30% girls surveyed to have used contraception every time they had sexual intercourse. 11 students reported being pregnancy, but none chose to take their pregnancy to term. The finding of this study showed that nursing education may have a positive influence on the sexual knowledge, attitude and be haviour with regard to participating in safer sex among teenage girls (Tseng YH, 2009). The investigator while conducting health awareness programme, found that most of the adolescent girls got married at the age of 13 years, and they had poor hygiene, and low birth weight babies. The girls were not aware about puberty teenage pregnancy and other aspects of reproductive health. So the investigator felt the need to create awareness about teenage pregnancy. This study will help to assess the knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls towards selected aspects of reproductive health and prevent the complications. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A Study To Assess The Effectiveness Of Structured Teaching Programme On Knowledge And Attitude Of Adolescent Girls On Teenage Pregnancy At Thottipalayam, Coimbatore. OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls on teenage pregnancy. To administer structured teaching programme on teenage pregnancy among adolescent girls. To reassess the knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls on teenage pregnancy. To associate the findings with the selected demographic variables OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS Effectiveness: It refers to the extent to which the structured teaching programme on teenage pregnancy has achieved the desired effect in improving the knowledge and change in attitude of adolescent girls. Structured teaching programme It refers to systematically planned teaching programme, designed to provide information on teenage pregnancy to adolescent girls. Knowledge It refers to the information gained by adolescent girls on teenage pregnancy. Attitude It refers to the expressed belief and feeling of adolescent girls on teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy It is defined as teenaged or under aged girl usually in the age group between 13-18 years getting pregnant. Adolescent girls It refers to both married and unmarried adolescent girls in age group between 13-18 years. ASSUMPTIONS Adolescent girls will have lack of knowledge on teenage pregnancy. Adolescent girls need education regarding teenage pregnancy. Structured teaching programme on teenage pregnancy will help the adolescents to improve their knowledge and will help them to develop a positive attitude. Knowledge and attitude have strong influence on adaptation of healthy behaviour. HYPOTHESIS There is a significant difference between pre test and post test scores on knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls on teenage pregnancy after structured teaching programme. LIMITATIONS: The study is limited to Adolescent girls who are willing to participate. Adolescent girls who are available at the time of data collection. Adolescent girls who have attained menarche Adolescent girls at the age between 13-18 years. PROJECTED OUTCOMES This study will help the adolescent girls to get adequate knowledge and gain awareness on teenage pregnancy. It will help the adolescent girls to share information with colleagues and surrounding people. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A conceptual framework deals with abstraction, which is assembled by nature of their relevance to a common theme. It is a global idea about the concept in relation to a specific discipline . It describes the mental image of a phenomenon and integrate them into a meaningful configuration. Its a visual diagram by which the researcher explains the specific area of interest (Christenson J. Paula, 2000). One of the important purposes of conceptual framework is to communicate clearly the interrelationship of various concepts . It guides an investigator to know what data needs to be collected and gives direction to the entire research process (Kertinger K.N,1999). This study was aimed at assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls on teenage pregnancy. The investigator adopted Penders Health Promotion Model (1984). The study seeks to increase an individuals level of wellbeing . The model focuses on aspects of individuals cognitive perceptual factors , perceived health status, health promoting services and perceived benefits of health promotion. The model also identified factors that influence health promotion activities. In this modified mode, the community nurse interacts to assess the level of knowledge and attitude on teenage pregnancy among adolescent girls who are influenced by the demographic variables. This model focuses on the following areas: Cognitive perceptual factors Perceived health status Health promoting services Perceived benefits of health promotion Barrier to health promoting behaviour 1. Cognitive perceptual factors The investigator assessed the knowledge and attitude of teenage pregnancy among adolescent girls by using structured questionnaire and rating scale. 2. Perceived health status The adolescent boys have adequate knowledge and positive attitude regarding teenage pregnancy or the adolescent girls have inadequate knowledge and negative attitude regarding teenage pregnancy. 3. Health promoting services Structured teaching programme of teenage pregnancy is given as health promoting service to the adolescent girls irrespective of their knowledge and attitude. 4. Perceived benefits of health promotion Health promoting behaviour is the desired behavioural outcome and is the end point of Health promotion model. In this study the health promoting behaviour developed by structured teaching program will result in improved health and better quality of life among adolescent girls. 5. Barrier to health promoting behaviour In this study if the adolescent girls have inadequate knowledge and negative attitude on teenage pregnancy, reassessment of adolescent girls knowledge and attitude was done. But it is not included in this study. force, 37.5% indicated it was with consent 57% have mentioned it was with out their knowledge (Lakshman Dissanagalee, 2008) A cross sectional study on youth risk behaviour surveillance was conducted in the United States. Health risk behaviour contributed to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among youth and an adult, which is often, are established during childhood period and extends to adulthood. These problems were interrelated and preventable. The youth risk behaviours surveillance system monitors 6 categories of priority health risk behaviour among youth and young adults. They are intentional injuries, violence, tobacco use, alcohol and drug use, sexual behaviour, physical inactivity and prevalence of obesity and asthma. A 20 local survey was conducted by CDC (centre of disease control) and state and local school based YRBS education in 42 states. It was found that among those who drinking alcohol of which 34.2% were currently sexually active and 38.9% did not used condom (Eaton,DK,2010). A cross sectional study was conducted on the characteristic of pregnancy among teenage girls at Nagpur in India. The participants were 462 postnatal women, less than 20 years old for a period of 1 month from 1st October 1999 to 30th June, 2000 at government hospital in experimental group . The control group included 500 primiparous women at the age group between 20-29 years at government hospital during the same period. The data was collected using the interview technique. The results showed that 97.8% were at the age group of 18-19 years and in the control group were at the age group of 20-22 years, 65.3% women and 62.6% women belonged to Hindu religion from the experimental and control group respectively, 8.6% women and 7.0% women were illiterate from the experimental and control group respectively, 53.2% women and 75.2% women were house wives from the experimental and control group respectively .In the experimental group the womens age at marriage was 16.7 years and in the control group it was 18.65 years (A.R Jadhao, 2007) A cross sectional observational study was conducted to assess the prevalence of child marriage on young adult women between 13- 20 years of age in India. Data from National Family Health Survey-3 were limited to the sample of Indian women aged 20 years (no=22). The results showed that 44.5% of women aged 20 years were married before 18 years, 22.6% of women were married before the age of 16 years and 2.6% of were married before age of 13 years (Raja, Saggurti N, 2008) A cross sectional study on health profile of pregnant adolescents among selected tribal populations was conducted at Rajasthan in India. The study participants included adolescent girls in 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy who were selected randomly from 15 tribal villages of Udaipur district. A total of 54 adolescent girls aged (13-19) years were included in present study of which 59% were found to be primigravidas, 30% were pregnant for 2nd time, 2 girls were pregnant for 3rd time. Majority were illiterate. A large number was found to be suffering from moderate to severe anaemia(n=42) weighing very less than 42 kg , 2 of the pregnant girls were associated to be suffering from pellagra, and 1/3 of the girls had vitamin A deficiency (Sharma V, 1999). A case control study was conducted to examine the socio cultural determinants of pregnancy among adolescents in Nepal .This study was selected to compare the education, economic status, family support system and freedom towards conception among teenagers and higher age group women. The study participants were adolescent girls (13-19) years and the older women (20-29 years) .The results showed that 70%adolescent pregnant women were compared with 70% of primigravida women. Teenage pregnant women who were less educated, had poor economic background were more likely to have accidental pregnancy due to love marriages (Sharma AK, 2002). A study was conducted to compare the risk of teen-age pregnancy in a rural community under 20 years old, in the state Maharastra in India. The study sample included 5994 deliveries in the rural health district area of Sirur. Adolescent pregnancies amounted to 598 deliveries. The perinatal mortality rate was (238) under 18 years old was 67.2%/ 100 live births. The neonatal mortality rate was 67.4.Statistically significant differences were found in the rate of low birth weight infants, stillbirths, and late neonatal deaths among the babies delivered by the women aged less than 18 years compared to other women. The perinatal mortality rate was 7-16 times greater than associated risk factors, except anaemia. The neonatal mortality rate was 2.5-18 times greater than associated risk factors, except anaemia and oedema. Late neonatal mortality rate was 2.2 times higher among infants with mothers of under 18 years old (Pratinidhi A, 2000) A population based case control study was conducted in Turkey to determine the degree of socio economic status as a risk factor for first birth at age 19 or younger in married women. The study group comprised of all married and pregnant women aged 15-19 yrs (adolescent pregnancies) attending primary care centres (144 subjects) and married women between 20 and 29 years, experiencing their first pregnancy (adult pregnancies) who were determined as the control group (144 subjects). A questionnaire was completed for each subject during face-to-face interviews. Analysis showed that adolescent pregnancy was more frequent in women from families with a low socioeconomic status, exposure to violence within the family prior to marriage, and among which families partially opposed or unopposed to adolescent marriage. Lower education level, lack of social security, living in a houses in which the number of persons per room was over 1, unemployed women and sisters with a history of adolescent preg nancy were also the contributing reasons ( Birsen gokce,2001). `A cross sectional study was done on social consequences and health problems among teenage pregnancy in rural Kathmandu valley in India. The study sample comprises of (15-19 years old) 180 subjects. This study was done for a duration of six month period among teenagers (10-19 years). The result showed that the preterm delivery was 50%, the prevalence of anaemia was 56.66% in teenage pregnancy and the haemoglobin level (less than 7.9 gm) was 55.67%. . It was concluded that the contributory factors for teenage pregnancy were low socio economic condition, less awareness of family life education and early marriage (Kafle PP, 2010) A retrospective study was done to determine the incidence and complication of teenage pregnancy at Chonburi, Thailand. In the experimental group the participants were primigravida women between the age group of 13-20 years(2,490) at chonburi hospital from 1st January 2000-31st December 2009.In the control group they were between the age group of 20-25 years (3,909) during the same period. The findings of the study showed that the experimental group had a lower gestational age during delivery than the control group(20% vs. 13.9%),the experimental group had more inadequate antenatal care than the control group (19% vs. 12.5%),anaemia was a significant between experimental and control group (17% vs. 1%), low birth weight infant mortality rate in experimental group was higher than the control group (Watcharaseranee N, 2006). A nested case control community based study to compare the risk associated with pregnancy and its outcome among primigravida adolescent and adult pregnant women was conducted at Delhi in India. The participant consisted of 64 adolescent and 175 adult primigravida in a cohort of 343 antenatal women. The result showed that the mean age of conception in adolescent and adult was 18.46 and 21.69 years. Complications were more common among adolescents like abnormal presentation and prolonged labour. Pregnancy wastage was 17.5% and 3.5% among adolescents and adult respectively (AK Sharma, 2002). A retrospective study was conducted on comparison of obstetric outcomes of pregnancy in older women and teenagers at Sangali in India. The participants are girls aged  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤19 years were compared with older women (19-35 years) in the same hospital. The study group 386 participants were compared with 3,326 pregnancies of older women. The Results showed that teenage mothers were three times more at risk of developing anaemia (2.83%), hypertension problem in pregnancy (2.2%) and low birth weight babies (1.8%),pre term babies (2.97%) and 50% less likely to have normal weight babies (0.5%). They also found that cultural practices, poor socio economic condition, lack of awareness of risk and low literacy rate are the main contributory factors (S. H. Mahavarkar, 2008). `A qualitative study was conducted on abstinence to assess the effectiveness of counseling training of health care providers among high-risk teenagers in the United States. Clinicians are enquired about adolescent pregnancy, HIV and STD prevention, which included abstinence by interview technique. The systematic content analysis was used to examine the effectiveness of counseling technique in different situations. The results showed that providing comprehensive counseling, and abstinence as a choice for teenagers, to reduce pregnancy among teenagers (Harper CC, 2010) SECTION B: Studies related to knowledge and attitude of teenage pregnancy A retrospective study was conducted to identify the level of knowledge, behaviour and education needs of school adolescents on Sexual and reproductive health in northern Nigeria. The participants were 989 adolescents from 24 secondary schools. The result showed that 72% of females had experienced menstruation, 14% of females were sexually active, 15% of females knew about the ovulation cycle, 44% of females knew pregnancy could result from first coitus and 56% of females knew about contraception, and 84% gave an opinion that adolescents should be given sexual education . It concluded that there is a need for education for secondary school adolescent (Adekun LA, 2009) A study was conducted on, knowledge, attitude and sexual behaviour of school adolescent girls in Transkei. A self-administered questionnaire was given to 1025 females from 21 secondary schools. Among the participants 75% of them were unmarried. The results showed that 74.6% had already been sexually experience, while 21% did not. Both sexually experienced girls and sexually inexperienced girls were living with their parents. It was concluded that sexual development and onset of menarche were the possible risk factors for initiation of sexual activity among school adolescent girls, as one third of sexually experienced adolescent girls been pregnant . It was also found that the contraceptive use was low among adolescent girls (Buga GA, 1999) A study was conducted to assess the attitude of teenagers towards sexual behavior among teenagers in U.K. The participants were 1500 teenagers aged between 13-18 years. A questionnaire was given to them. The result showed that, twenty per cent of 13 years old teenagers reported that they had sexual intercourse with a partner, 78% of them reported some form of sexual contact with a partner, 23% of female subjects had experienced sexual intercourse, 38% of male subjects had experienced sexual intercourse, 10% of teens indicated they would be denied to use condom and 37% were concerned about seeing clumsy when using a condom. 23% of males and 9% of females said they would be willing to have sexual intercourse without use of a condom. (Queenmary, 2010) A cross sectional study was conducted on knowledge, attitude and behavior of adolescent girls towards STIs/HIV, safer sex and sexual education in South Delhi, India. A self-administered questionnaire was given to 251 adolescent girls. The results indicated that more than one- third of students had less knowledge about the symptoms of STIs other than HIV/AIDS. The attitude scale showed 30% of subjects considered that HIV/AIDS could be cured, 49% of subjects felt that condoms should not be available to youth, 41% were confused about whether the contraceptive pill could protect against HIV infection/AIDS and 32% of subjects said that it should be taken only by married women (Alexandra McManus, 2008). A cross sectional study was conducted on objective and perceived knowledge of oral contraceptive methods among adolescent mothers in Brazil. The participants are 278 teenage mothers (15-19 years) admitted in 4 maternity hospitals. The result showed that 98% adolescent mothers had low objective and perceived knowledge of oral contraceptive and multipara was the only indicator of increased objective and perceived knowledge on oral contraceptive. It is concluded that there is a need for a more interactive approach with adolescents concerning their level of objective and pregnancy and its consequences (Souse, 2009). SECTIONC: Studies related to structured teaching programme on teenage pregnancy A randomized control study on the cost effectiveness of motivational intervention to reduce rapid repeated child bearing in high risk adolescent mothers was conducted in America. The participants were recruited from 5 urban clinics, 235 pregnant teenagers aged 18 years or younger who were at 24 or more weeks of gestation at recruitment were followed up for 27 months. Participants were randomly assigned to usual care (n=68) or 1 of 2 home based intervention conducted by community outreach workers and computed assisted motivational intervention was conducted. A single component motivational intervention was conducted quarterly .The result showed that CAMI (computer assisted motivational intervention) significantly reduces repeated births (0.47, 95%) than single component motivational intervention (Barnet B, 2010). An individual/ cluster randomized controlled trails to assess the effectiveness of primary prevention intervention on unwanted pregnancy among adolescents was conducted at Calbar in Nigeria. This study is to evaluate intervention that aimed to increase knowledge, change the attitude relating to risk of unintended pregnancy, promote delay in initiation of sexual intercourse and encourage consistent use of birth control methods to reduce unwanted pregnancy in adolescents aged 10-19 years. The participants were 95,662 adolescents (10-19 years) were included .The result showed that multiple intervention (education and contraception) lowered rate of unwanted pregnancy among adolescents and the evidence shows the effects of interventions on secondary complications (Oringaneje C, 2009). A community based support study on effectiveness of teaching on early parenting approach with in a community based support services for adolescent mothers was conducted in Canada. The participants were pregnancy or parenting teen mothers between ages of 13-19 years. The intervention group received a brief support intervention and direct teaching of keys to care giving programme. In order to control for the lack of a visit, the comparison group received brief social support. The result shows that the participants in the intervention group showed a significantly greater difference than control group. This finding was likely due to the fact that only one participant scored as being at risk for depression and she was allocated to the intervention group (Jane E.Drummond, 2008). A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of youth development programme in reducing teenage pregnancy, substance abuse and other outcomes in England. The participants were 2724 young people aged between 13-15 years are at risk of teenage pregnancy, substance misuse, or school exclusion or to be vulnerable and the study design was a Prospective matched comparison study. The intervention was Intensive, multi component youth development programme including sex and drugs education versus standard youth provision. The result showed that Young women in intervention group more commonly reported pregnancy than the comparison group (16% v 6%), early heterosexual experience (58% v 33%) than did those in the comparison group and the expectation of teenage parenthood is (34% v 24%) than the control group (Wiggins M,2007). A study was conducted on reducing Adolescent Pregnancy among unmarried adolescents through School and Community-Based Education in South Carolina. Intervention messages were targeted   at parents, teachers, ministers and representatives of churches,  community leaders, and children enrolled in the public school  system. The messages emphasized the development of decision-making  and communication skills; self-esteem enhancement; understanding  human reproductive anatomy, physiology, and contraception. The  estimated rate of pregnancy abortions for females   aged between 14 to 17 years in the country western portion has declined  remarkably since the intervention began, and the changes were  statistically significant when compared with three socio demographically  similar countries and also with the eastern portion of the country (Murray L, 1999) . A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of teenage pregnancy prevention programme among adolescent girls in U.K. The participants were 100 adolescent girls taken for the study . The result showed that four of these five programmes directly or indirectly provided access to contraceptive services reducing the proportion of adolescents who initiated sexual activity by as much as 15 percentages. The programs were most successful when they targeted younger adolescents. Three of these four programs significantly increased the rates of contraceptive use by as much as 22 percentage among participants ,provided access to contraceptive services and targeted adolescents who were younger and those who were not yet sexually experienced. These two programmes significantly decrease the proportion of adolescent pregnancy. It was concluded that there was a delay on sexual initiation, more training should be given in negotiation skills and decision-making, and teach on sexuality and contrace ption (Forrest JD, 2004). A cr

Comparing Canterbury Tales, Burgermeisters Daughter and the Writings o

Image of Women in Canterbury Tales, Burgermeister's Daughter and the Writings of Thomas Aquinas    What was the predominant image of women and women's place in medieval society? A rather sexist or misogynistic view--by twentieth century standards of course--was prevalent among learned clerics. The writings of the theologian Thomas Aquinas typify this view. But although the religious of Europe's abbeys and universities dominate the written record of the period, Thomistic sexism was not the only view of women's proper role. In his Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer portrays women in a much more positive way, characterizing them as somewhat empowered. Actual historical events, such as the scandal and subsequent litigation revolving around Anna Buschler which Steven Ozment details in The Burgermeister's Daughter, suggest something of a compromise between these two literary extremes. While it is true that life was no utopia for medieval women, neither was life universally horrible or society thoroughly misogynistic.    The Church's views on women had deep scriptural roots. In his letter to Timothy, the apostle Paul writes "Let a woman learn in silence with all submissiveness" (1 Tim. 2:11). This view rests on the story of Eve's creation as a helper--not an equal--to man from the rib of Adam in Genesis. It also condemns Eve, and by association all women, for allowing the serpent to trick her into Original Sin. In Summa Theologica, Aquinas extends Paul's argument for female inferiority even farther: As regards the individual nature, woman is defective and misbegotten, for the active force in the male seed tends to the production of a perfect likeness in the masculine sex; while the production of woman comes from defect i... ...quinas did not by themselves represent the views of society at large--although society by no means completely ignored them. Aquinas and Chaucer's Wife of Bath represent two extreme views of medieval women, while the real nature of women's condition in the period lay somewhere in the middle. Any 20th century ideas of wholesale female oppression in the middle ages are relativist "myths" which serve to glamorize the modern period rather than describe historical reality. Endnotes 1 By the 11th century, roughly two centuries before Aquinas, even parish priests had become generally celibate, suggesting the widespread adoption of this practice among clergy by the 13th century (Western Heritage, 190). 2 Interestingly, the knight's crime is rape, a crime against women. His quick punishment for the rape further highlights some security enjoyed by medieval women.

How Does Orwell Explore the Theme of Education in ‘Animal Farm’?

How Does Orwell Explore The Theme Of Education In Animal Farm? ‘All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others’. George Orwell writes this toward the end of his highly acclaimed allegory, Animal Farm. From this single statement we can tell quite a bit about Orwell’s views on education which he puts across strongly throughout the novel. A message I see that this statement portrays is that everyone has the right to an education but some people were getting a better education than others at the time.During this essay I will be arguing that George Orwell was critical of the education system in 1945 (the year the book was written) and that he aired his views, hidden as they were, in many places through the book. One of the ways he used to put across his views was to use biblical references. Orwell was strongly anti-Christianity and he put this across in the novel partly through his reference to the bible’s ten commandments by creating a list o f rules that the animals must live by entitled ‘The Seven Commandments’. No animal shall kill any other animal without cause’. The last two words were added by Squealer under the orders of Napoleon, adding their own twist on Old Major’s original commandments thus tweaking them to their advantage. This was not the only commandment to be edited: in fact all of them were but only slightly, just enough so the pigs wouldn’t be breaking any and so the other animals wouldn’t notice. The pigs were able to use the fact that they were educated well as an advantage over the other animals in order to do what they liked and get away with it.The fact that Orwell used the commandments in this way, just that the pigs were changing them so regularly seemed to me rather disrespectful of the Christian faith and when seen like this, Orwell’s religious views are blatantly obvious. From this part of the book I remembered being taught about priests in the An glo-Saxon times and how they had been educated well before beginning their ministry. They would ask for money from the innocent but fairly foolish and uneducated people worshipping or just visiting the church and the priests would say if they hand over the money, they would avoid purgatory and go straight to heaven.To these poor people, this seemed like the perfect solution for the problem and hand over their money is just what they did. This links in with the book in that the priests would use the fact that they were educated in their favour to brainwash these unknowing people just as the pigs did to the other animals in the book. Another element of education Orwell is critical of is the private education system. ‘The pigs and dogs were educated separately to the other animals’.This brings in Karl Marx’s ideas of class and hierarchy in society. Marx’s writings formed the theoretical base for modern international communism, the idea of a classless society in which everyone is equal and nothing is privately owned. As we know Animal Farm is an allegory of the Russian revolution in 1917 during which Joseph Stalin (portrayed in the novel as Napoleon) and Leon Trotsky (Snowball) fought for power after the defeat of Tsar Nicholas II and the monarchy.When Stalin came to power and exiled Trotsky, he began to form the new Soviet Union around the basis of Marx’s writings and the fact that the pigs and dogs were educated separately to the other animals shows that before Stalin’s seizure of power, class and hierarchy still remained in Russia. The pigs and dogs represent the nobles and government who were all seen as superior to the lower, working class citizens and were therefore privately educated.If there was to be equality amongst the animals on the farm, they should all have been treated exactly the same and this would mean they should be educated in the same way. However, this wasn’t what happened and the pigs and dogs continued to see themselves as better than the other animals. Orwell really wasn’t a fan of the private education system, as I said at the beginning; he wanted an education for everyone and the same education for everyone at that. Orwell continues to represent class on the farm through the character of Boxer.Boxer represents the lower, working class who were uneducated and inferior to the nobles and government, in this case the pigs and dogs. ‘I will work harder. ’ and ‘Napoleon is always right. ’ his mottos show just how loyal and hard-working he was. Boxer would work and work until he was at the point of collapsing and this is just what the working class of Russia would do, slaving away their today for a better tomorrow. Boxer is key in building the windmill, which represents change, the change that Boxer wants to bring to the farm through his hard work and determination.Boxer may have had all these credits but what Orwell uses Boxer to say is that no matter how physically strong you are, it’s nothing compared to knowledge and mental strength. When Napoleon tells Boxer he is to retire after he collapsed whilst working, Boxer naively gets on the van that is not really to take him to where he will retire, but to the knackers’ yard to be killed. Even though Boxer was so driven and committed in what he did, he wasn’t able to spot that Napoleon was tricking him because he wasn’t nearly as well educated as Napoleon.So to cut a long story short, the fact that Boxer was poorly educated eventually lead to his demise. The pigs as we know by now, were the best educated but they gradually demoralise through the novel. ‘All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others’. This quote for me epitomises the whole part the pigs play in the book in that the great advantage they once had over the other animals because they were educated had now just become plain ignorance. Orwell uses the pigs in Animal Farm to tell us not to let education go to our heads but to respect it and appreciate it.Not only this but Orwell also wanted to tell us through the pigs the dangers of power and to appreciate it also. The pigs wanted to look like they strived for equality, to look like they were doing things for the good of everyone when really everything they said and did was for the benefit of themselves. Almost all of the seven commandments had something to do with the importance of not letting the pigs’ ways become human, which is exactly what had happened by the end of the book. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again: but already it was impossible to say which was which’. That the pigs had changed so much the other animals couldn’t identify them amongst the humans is pretty shocking. One of the most important points of the whole ideology of Animalism (which allegorically speaking refers to communism) is t hat the animals should always remain animals and never adopt human characteristics like drinking alcohol or sleeping in a bed and these rules were all layed out clearly in the seven commandments.In conclusion, George explores the theme of education in Animal Farm in many ways. He uses the allegory to refer to the different classes through different characters and how the classes were educated differently, some not at all. He uses Boxer to compare physical strength with mental strength and he also uses the pigs to warn us of the dangers of letting education ruin us and our morals. Animal Farm is a tragedy in my eyes; the original ideology of Animalism gradually fell apart piece by piece until the pigs had practically become human.It’s all well and good to have this great idea of a revolution to gain equality for animals but the pigs just couldn’t see past themselves to carry out Old Major’s plan and that’s what makes this story so tragic. Orwell thought th at everyone deserved an education, especially the working class but the people who actually got a good education just took it for granted and wasted it and I think that’s the overall point he tries to put across about education in the novel. Education is power but power corrupts. By James Lawrence, J7.

The Beatles Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s, Free Essays

The Beatles Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s, Free Essays The Beatles The Beatles The Beatles started out in the British city, Liverpool where music was a way of life for many people. The Beatles were preceded by a John Lennon fronted band called the Quarry men. The group invited a 15 year old boy named Paul McCartney to see them perform a show. The then 16 year old John Lennon took to McCartney, thats when a unique and amazing song writing partnership began. The Quarry Men ended up falling apart at the seams. John Lennon and Paul McCartney kept in touch and eventually asked George Harrison to join theyre group, tentatively named the Silver Beatles. The band talked a friend of theirs, Stuart Sutcliff, into buying a bass guitar, and added Pete Best on drums. They began getting recognition around Liverpool. That was around that time that Brian Epstein heard them playing and proposed that he assume position of their manager. The Beatles agreed and Epstein quickly arranged for them to go to Hamburg, Germany to play the local music clubs. While in Germany the band met Ringo Star, who later officially joined the band, taking over for Pete Best. When the band was to return to England, Stuart decide that he wanted to stay in Germany with the girl he had met and fallen in love with there. So Paul picked up the bass guitar, they dropped the Silver from their name, and the Fab Four, as we came to know them, was ready for success. The Beatles were now ready to record their first album. Epstein introduced the band to the man sometimes referred to as the 5th Beatle, George Martin. Martin went on to produce all but one of the Beatles albums. Love me Do was their first record, released in October 1962. It did jump into the British Top 20 briefly but never really succeeded. It was the second song Please Please me released in early 1963 which made them #1. The single topped the British charts for 30 weeks, an unheard of feat in the UK music market. Theyre second album is what really put them over the top in terms of popularity. In 1963 with the release of With the Beatles, the band found success in both the UK and US, with the single I wanna hold your hand. In February the Band visited the US to play on the Ed Sullivan show. Many people consider the Ed Sullivan show appearance to be the coming out party for the Beatles especially in America. For many it was their first glimpse of the fab four. There was much hype even before the broadcast. It was a time in America when Elvis had lost his edge, Ricky Valines, and the Big Bopper were killed, also the beloved president, John F. Kennedy was assassinated. The Beatles promised something new and fresh and had an attitude people liked. Anthony Corbett, a noted English psychologist praised the Beatles as having provided a desperately needed release for the inhibitions that exist in all of us. Whatever it was, the Beatles had something the people needed because like so many bands of toda y their success didn't end there. Next, the Beatles made their first movie, A Hard Days Night. Followed by extensive touring, and dominance of the billboard charts. Then their second movie Help was released to sell out box offices across the world. Fredric Lewis of a London newspaper examined the sociological implications of Beatle-Mania and said they are working class and their roots and their attitude are firmly in the north of England. They are part of a strong-flowing reaction against the soft, middleclass south of England, which has controlled popular culture for so long He added Because of their success, they can act as spokesman for the new, noisy, anti-establishment generation which is become a force in British life. One can assume then, that people were ready for a change. The Beatles were one band that could offer change. With forthcoming albums ,such as Revolver, Rubber Soul, and Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, the Beatles proved that change was a very good thing. Sgt. Peppers was considered the first concept album(songs unified by a common theme). No longer singing just dopey

Instruction Set essays

Instruction Set essays It has become increasingly popular to build one's own computer. In many cases, it saves money, and guarantees that you get what you want. Building your own computer also assures that you avoid the proprietary designs many companies use to utilize to keep the customers coming back for new parts. Most importantly, having built the system, you become very familiar with your system and with computers in general. There is no reason not to tackle the project of building your own computer. A very basic knowledge is required, and you can learn as you go! Upon having researched the quality of the parts you want to use to build your computer, you will need the following basic items to assemble your processor: CPU (central processing unit) Video card (optional but very recommended) The accessories needed to put together your processor should come with each of the components purchased. However, the basic screws that will be required are the following: Smaller screws (these are just like the chassis screws, but have a smaller diameter) Spacers (snap-in and standard) There are a variety of different tools you may need while building your system. Here are a few of the most common ones: Magnetized Phillips head screwdriver Regular Phillips head screwdriver The entire installation process of the components should take approximately an hour, but this all depends on the level of experience and knowledge of the builder. There are a few things that you should be aware of when you are building your computer so you don't hurt yourself or damage any of the components. Make sure you ground yourself by touching an uncoated part of your computer's chassis prior to touching any of the components. It is recommended to wear the anti-static strap. Be careful of sharp edges within your case Only handle PCB's (your motherboard, video card, etc) from th...

Conspiracy theory about aliens Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conspiracy theory about aliens - Research Paper Example However, since there is no hard evidence for their existence, hence this paper argues that aliens are not real. It is very logical to be skeptic on the issue of the existence of aliens, because their existence is such a statement that is extraordinary, and any statement that is extra ordinary requires extraordinary evidence, which has never been put forward. Once in a blue moon, somebody sights strange lights in the sky, or an aircraft maneuvering in a bizarre fashion before disappearing, or a weird object lying in a desolate place, and calls it evidence that the earth is being visited by extraterrestrial beings called aliens. Is it logical enough to call these claims as hard evidences leading to the existence of aliens? Unbelievable. Vaeni (371) states: â€Å"Aliens aren’t real, they’re hallucinations and misinterpretations. They are a pop culture phenomenon. They are a conspiracy from the government†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There are a lot of activities that humans are conducting in space for the sake of research, scrutiny and security; and, sighting some of these moves and calling them extraterrestrial activities is purely unreasoned, irrational and humorous. Moreover, it is not rational to believe that life can exist in the form of beings like us or other forms in other planets, where there is no air, water or food. Research has been done which proves that there is no such thing found in other planets that may be able to support life in any form. Srivastava (79) writes in his book: â€Å"Our earth is a unique planet; we have all those conditions, which are not found on any other planet. Here we have air, water soil and minerals, moderate temperatures suitable for sustaining life on earth.† Then, how is it possible that life exists on other planets? It is matter of common sense that since earth can support life, human beings can sustain life and become individuals that use modern tools and technologies to bring comfort to their lives. The conditions of earth support

Should couples in us be discouraged from having more than two children Research Paper

Should couples in us be discouraged from having more than two children - Research Paper Example 17). The government thus had to find a way to reduce population growth since the increasing dependent group was growing randomly. In the late 1960s, the government introduced the use of contraceptives even by the unemployed category of women. These contraceptives were offered at cheap prices to increase their use and thus curb the uncontrolled population growth that resulted to more poverty. The introduction of contraceptives helped reduce the population growth but the government was in full control of the population growth. The issue of the increase of low-income earners is becoming a burden to the taxpayers due to the increased overdependence on the government aiding programs. Putting this in mind, this project is aimed at discussing if the US government should discourage couples from having more than two children (Demographic Research, 2008, vol. 17). The issue of a couple on to have at most two children has raised a big debate that many researchers have surveyed in an effort of coming up with the benefits that small families have over big families and vice versa. The past researches will provide us with more knowledge and thus an informative literature review. The literature review will also provide this research on the reasons behind rapid population growth and will thus answer the issue at hand. In this research, we will use primary data to not the views of Americans and thus from the data will analyze it and discuss the findings. After discussion, the research will provide a conclusion. Lastly, in this research we will offer a recommendation. Past researches have talked the issues of the need for family planning, causes of rapid population growth and the impacts of government making laws on the number of children by a couple. The three are the most related researches that will provide us with the information required to tackle the issue at hand. The past research on the use of family

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Discussion - Essay Example There is a lot of corruption in the world which causes people to forget about the main problem, which is health. Third-world countries increasing population makes it harder for governments to focus on one major aspect which is good health and proper sanitation. Poverty, corruption and uncontrolled population are some clear reasons for the lack of a healthy life in many parts of the world. However, the notion that all is well in the First World and things are irredeemable in the Third World is an overstatement. While healthy habits and personal hygiene are better looked after in developed countries thanks to their economic stability, the fact that medical services have become extremely expensive in these countries poses a threat to common people when they are required to take prolonged treatment for their illnesses. Moreover, the after effects of recession make it difficult for people in developed countries to buy quality food in the global market, while those in the Third World are still able to have healthy food on daily basis thanks to the local markets that don’t charge exorbitant prizes for meat, fish, fruits and vegetables. It is true that in places like India, the idea of hygiene in public places have to evolve in order to mee t international standards. However, large scale pollution from industrial areas that harm the entire world comes mainly from the First World, as they move blindly towards profit. When compared to this catastrophe, a lifestyle change among common people in the Third World would be easier, with proper awareness programmes. Issues of poverty can somehow be managed, but the other two problems, of corruption and population, are to be addressed more seriously, and a farsighted approach to minimize them should be the priority of governments. 2. Providing the means of a healthy life to the world’s people is too costly. Poor decisions are made everyday when it comes to feeding our families in order to avoid such an

How Homework can Help with Your Academic Success Essay Example for Free

How Homework can Help with Your Academic Success Essay Homework is an important part of the academic curriculum and it also plays a major role in ensuring academic success for the students. Let us talk at length about how homework can help in bringing about academic success. Homework primarily helps in building five skills which assist in attaining academic success. Those skills are as follows: Organization: Being organised is an essential ingredient in the recipe of academic success. One has to be meticulous in planning a study routine to ensure that all topics of all subjects are paid equal attention. Also, enough time for practice should be baked in the routine. It is this aspect that homework helps with and gives enough opportunity to a student to practice his/her lessons, which then paves the way of gaining mastery over a topic or subject. In addition keeping track of one’s homework makes a student more organized. Time management: Optimum utilization of time is the key to success in the field of academics. Often at times, one feels flustered and overwhelmed with the vast study syllabus or curriculum. Therefore, dividing one’s time efficiently and as per one’s strength and weakness is a matter of great importance. Homework provides the student with an opportunity to manage time. While doing the homework of a subject which is one’s weak area, he is devoting more time to that subject, which will help him in understanding the concepts better, thereby saving the student’s time as he need not revisit this subject again and can spend the rest of his time in doing other activities or can devote to other subjects. In addition, learning to plan his work well in order to submit the assignment or homework on time will help him/her build time management skills. Prioritization: The skill of being able to prioritize one’s task does not only help with academic success, but is a skill which will come handy throughout your life. If a student is confronted with multiple assignments or homework in multiple subjects, he/she needs to prioritize it based on some factors like submission date, the complexity level of the work, his/her proficiency level with the subject etc. While doing so, they will learn to identify elements based on the urgency and importance levels. Concentration: Undivided attention and wholehearted commitment to one’s study time are per-requisites for academic success. While doing one’s homework with complete focus, a student has to ensure that he is cut off from any kinds of distractions or interruptions and should devote all his stamina and attention in completing the homework effectively. Such single minded focus on completing one’s homework helps a student build his concentration, which proves to be very useful while studying during the time of the assessments or exams. Motivation: A student has to believe in self and has to remain motivated all the time to be successful in academics. Self-confidence is of prime importance for academic success and it can be built and retained only if an individual is motivated to achieve success. If one does his/her homework successfully and wins accolades for the same back in school, then he/she will be motivated to do well consistently, as nothing attracts success more than success itself. To summarize, if homework is done with seriousness and sincerity, then it can prove to be a very useful tool in achieving academic success.

Great Exhibition Building in Dublin Essay -- Architecture History

Dublin 1853 Main Hall This image is a beautiful color lithograph, measuring 25 by 35 inches, which features the main hall of the Great Exhibition Building in Dublin in great detail. The hall was 425 feet in length by 100 in width, and 105 in height. In the back there is a large organ. Displayed high on the walls are flags from different countries. The building is best described by The Illustrated Dublin Exhibition Catalogue, which says: Presenting a front to Merrion-square of 300 feet, the main or centre feature of elevation consists of a semicircular projection, which forms the Eastern termination of the Central Hall. This in a noble apartment of 425 feet in length, and 100 feet in height, covered by a semicircular roof trellis robs, in one span of 100 feet. On each side of the Centre upon trellis ribs, in one span of 100 feet. On each side of the Centre Hall, and running parallel to it for the same length, are two halls 50 feet wide, with domed roofs, similar to that which covers the main nave or hall of the building. The Height from the floor to the roof of each of these halls is 65 feet. They are approached through passages from the Centre Hall. In addition to these three halls are four compartments of 25 feet wide, running the whole length of the building; two are placed between the Centre Hall and the side halls, and two on each side of the latter; divided into sections of 25 feet square, forming convenien t divisions for the purposes of classification. Over these compartments are spacious galleries, also running the length of the building, which not only afford increased space for exhibition, but form an agreeable promenade from whence the effect of the three halls may be seen to greater advantage. To the south ... ...or, which made its splendid halls themselves, examples of an incentives to something higher and grander in design than had before been attained (Sproule). "The Building itself was perhaps the most successful novelty exhibited, both in Art and Manufacture (Sproule)." No information on the fate of the Great Exhibition Building, other than it no longer stands and no attempt was made to rebuild the structure with more permanent materials. Works Cited: Findling, John E., editor, Historical Dictionary of World's Fairs and Expositions, 1851-1988. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990. p. 10-11 Ingram, J.S., The Centennial Exposition; Described and Illustrated. St. Louis: Hubbard Bros., 1876. p. 31-33 The Illustrated Dublin Exhibition Catalogue. London: Virtue, 1853. p. v Sproule, John. Irish Industrial Exhibition 1853. London: William S. Orr & Co., 1854. p. 27-41.

The Art of Speaking and the Science of Imitation :: Language Expressions Papers

The Art of Speaking and the Science of Imitation The underlying thesis examined here maintains that meaning is simply subjective value which has been presented (i.e., enlarged or made explicit) in words or in some other plastic or static medium. This presentation of meaning consists in the extending of what is felt by the creator-subject to the other subjects. Although this extension of the primary agent may be the very thing which ultimately creates the space from where reflection might occur, the act of expression itself is not explicitly reflective. In other words, one might say that integral meaning is not reflective but rather is purely informing, while reflective meaning has to some degree lost its integrity. Working from these basic claims, I will examine how quality (or qualification) and quantity (or quantification) are related as functions of the languages of art and of science. PART ONE: The Distinction The use of language both as an art and also as a science, i.e., physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, geometry, etc., is the explicit formulation of knowledge (as information), but can we make some clear distinction between these two ways of using language? Is it possible to separate those values as presented through natural language in dialogue from those values as represented by scientific discourse? One way to make such a distinction explicit is to divide the domain of formulation into 'presentation' and 'representation.' Dialogic language use at its most effective appears to express itself in our spontaneous conversation without the "reflecting will" of a knowing subject.(1) Such is not the same sort of language use involved in a scientific articulation. While the aim of science is to accurately represent its area of study through descriptive measurements and mathematical formulae, a true conversation is the creative attempt to present values which are felt by the speakers.(2) In such everyday discourse, the values of the conversants are not per se re-presented, but rather, it is through articulation in language that these meaningful affects can originally be 'broadcast' beyond the aesthetic, emotional, or perceptive life of the speaker.(3) Language becomes the 'living palette' which in fact helps to create the "ideas" (and in further consequence to produce a reflective "subjec t") in direct response to certain felt values. Without the language, there would be no way to express these integral values apart from the specific physical acts of the individual or reflectively in the chaos of dream experiences.